Last tested: Sep 6, 2019
1. Result cache is the results that came from the db with minimal post processing (this includes dimension fill but does not include formatting, drill fields, etc.) Result cache keys are created by hashing the SQL that generated them and a few other things including details about the connection.
2. Rendered cache is the fully post processed and serialized (e.g. JSONified) result which is ready to return to the client. The rendered cache key is created by hashing info about the LookML project digest, the connection details in the Admin - Connections panel, general instance settings, query request params (field, filters etc), relevant user attribute values for the user (if the query uses access filters, access grants, liquid, etc.), other user settings (locale if localization is used, user timezone if User-Specific Timezones is enabled, etc.), result format (e.g. different file types for downloads), Looker version, and dev/prod. Unlike the result cache key, the rendered cache key does not include the SQL.
Important things to note are:
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